你不覺得美國的法律訂得比較對嗎?在那裡,酒駕被評價具有預謀的惡意(malice aforethought),因此而撞死人就犯有二級謀殺罪。以紐約州法律規定而言,犯二級謀殺罪者,應處20年以上有期徒刑或無期徒刑,在加州,最高甚至可以適用死刑。而肇事逃逸,還要罪加一等!
還有,如果駕駛者在7年內有3次酒後駕車被捕的記錄,將會被控以二級謀殺罪,即使駕車人並沒有造成任何人傷亡,酒駕者照樣會被控以謀殺罪。你說,你敢在美國酒駕嗎?
以我國刑法規定來說,酒駕者,對於其不能安全駕駛應有認識,而對其因此可能肇致自己或他人的傷亡,亦有認識,但抱持著無所謂的態度,或重大輕率認為不至於會發生而執意為之,所以其應具有未必故意,所以酒駕應是故意行為,應論以殺人罪責。並非如我國實務,認為酒駕屬於應注意、可注意,但未注意的過失行為,而僅論以最高刑度兩年之過失致死罪才是。
「依據美國刑法典之規範,出於故意不法殺害人命即是謀殺,毒殺、惡意遺棄、或其他任何故意、預謀殺人行為,及其他犯重罪時之殺人行為被歸類為「一級謀殺罪」 (murder in the first degree),除一級謀殺罪所列重罪以外之故意殺人行為則被評價為「二級謀殺罪」(murder in the second degree)。
U.S. Panel code, 18 U.S.C, Part I, CHAPTER51, SEC. 1111 (a) Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought. Every murder perpetrated by poison, lying in wait, or any other kind of willful, deliberate, malicious, and premeditated killing; or committed in the perpetration of, or attempt to perpetrate, any arson, escape, murder, kidnapping, treason, espionage, sabotage, aggravated sexual abuse or sexual abuse, burglary, or robbery; or perpetrated from a premeditated design unlawfully and maliciously to effect the death of any human being other than him who is killed, is murder in the first degree. Any other murder is murder in the second degree.
二級之外是稱為「非預謀殺人罪」 (manslaughter)
U.S. Panel code, 18 U.S.C, Part I, CHAPTER51, SEC. 1112(a)Manslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice. It is of two kinds: Voluntary - Upon a sudden quarrel or heat of passion. Involuntary - In the commission of an unlawful act not amounting to a felony, or in the commission in an unlawful manner, or without due caution and circumspection, of a lawful act which might produce death.
它與「一、二級謀殺罪」其間的區別係以「預謀的惡意」(malice aforethought)存否為基礎。假如具備了惡意就是謀殺罪,缺乏惡意則是非預謀殺人罪。 」
「對於酒駕累犯,美國各州皆採更嚴厲的處罰措施。以加州為例,初犯、無人員傷亡、無逃逸行為的酒駕者所面臨的懲罰是吊扣駕照6個月,罰款1500~1800美元。在5年之內再次違反,吊扣駕照兩年,罰款和刑期加倍。如果駕駛者在7年內有3次酒後駕車被捕的記錄,將會被控以二級謀殺罪,即使駕車人並沒有造成任何人傷亡,照樣會被控以謀殺罪。對于二級謀殺罪,最高甚至可適用死刑。」